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Don’t let Diabetes bring your Sex Life to a Halt! In answer to the repeated question of erectile dysfunction, (the medical term for impotence), it has taken me 12 years to research, develop and trial a special herbal formula - as I made it my mission to help, believing as I do there is no reason why diabetes should bring a couple’s sex life to a halt! I’m going to tell you more about my work shortly. But before I do so, I thought it might prove useful to look at Diabetes generally.’ In the United States around 5% of the population has Diabetes. In cases of Diabetes Mellitus this results from a defect in the production of insulin by the pancreas. There are two types of diabetes which are now recognized: the juvenile (Type I), seen in children and young adults, and the maturity–onset type, (Type II), seen usually in obese individuals over forty. For the purpose of this report I am concentrating on the maturity-onset type where often due to prolonged obesity, there occurs a reduction in insulin receptors in target cells (i.e., a down-regulation of the receptors), due to high and steady insulin production. Each of us has a specific number of fat cells which is fixed in infancy. As we gain weight, these cells become enlarged and the number of glucose receptor sites decreases so that ever less glucose can be received and used by the cells. Without sufficient insulin to carry it into the cells where it can be used for energy, or without available receptor sites, glucose accumulates in the blood until some of the surplus is eliminated by the kidneys and passed off in the urine. So typically when the ingestion of an over abundance of insulin inducing foods such as refined carbohydrates and convenience ‘junk’ food) occurs the pancreas can no longer produce enough insulin to restore optimal blood glucose levels. In this condition, the available insulin is ineffective, resulting in signs similar to complete insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, (high blood sugar levels), glycosuria, (extra glucose spills over in urine), polydipsia, (great thirst leading to increased water intake), and weight loss. How do you know you have Type II Diabetes? Easy fatigue – because the body is not getting enough fuel. Drowsiness, itching, blurred vision, excessive weight, tingling or numbness in the extremities, skin infections and slow healing of cuts and scratches especially on the feet. Because of the accumulation of sugar in the blood, the kidneys are hard-pressed to get rid of it, so you will probably be excessively thirsty and passing more urine than usual. Another prominent suspicious sign is an unexplained loss of sexual desire. Always seek advise from your medical advisor who can arrange the appropriate tests. What can I do about this condition? If you are a diabetic you are probably well aware of the effects of high glycemic foods and the need to maintain blood sugar surges. So what follows are a number of additional key recommendations: •Eat a high-complex-carbohydrate, low-fat, high fiber diet including plenty of raw fruits and vegetables as well as fresh fruit juices. This Reduces the need for insulin and also lowers the level of fats in the blood. Fiber helps to reduce blood sugar surges. For snacks, eat oat or rice bran crackers with nut butter or cheese. Legumes, root vegetables, and whole grains are also good. •Avoid saturated fats and simple sugars (except when necessary to balance an insulin reaction). •Get your protein from vegetable sources, such as grains and legumes. Fish and low-fat dairy products are also acceptable sources of protein. •Supplement your diet with spirulina. Spirulina helps to stabilize blood sugar levels. Other foods that help normalize blood sugar include berries, brewer’s yeast, dairy products (especially cheese), egg yolks, fish, garlic, kelp, sauerkraut, soybeans, and vegetables. •Do not take fish oil capsules or supplements containing large amounts of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and avoid salt and white flour products. Consumption of these products results in an elevation of blood sugar. •Do not take supplements containing the amino acid cysteine. It has the ability to break down the bonds of the hormone insulin and interferes with absorption of insulin by the cells. •Avoid taking large amounts of vitamin B3 (Niacin). However, small amounts (50 to 100 milligrams daily), taken as a supplement may be beneficial. Circulatory effects of Diabetes – How does that effect me? For reasons not completely understood, Type II diabetes if untreated, can lead to vascular diseases that among other things, causes blindness, atherosclerosis, heart attacks, kidney disease, and gangrene. What we do know for certain is that in excess, insulin has the power to make arteries less elastic. It also acts as a growth hormone on smooth muscle cells in the walls of the arteries, causing them to increase in thickness, become stiffer and less supple, while at the same time decreasing the volume within the arteries. Let’s look closer at effects that cause erectile dysfunction…… The subject of impotence usually remains behind closed doors, however, some physicians speculate that as many as 70 percent of diabetic men are impotent. In obese men this is related to an over abundance of oestrogen (a female hormone), which in turn desensitises the skeletal muscles to the action of insulin. Diabetes can damage the nerves, (neuropathy), the erectile tissue and small blood vessels in the penis. Neuropathy may mean there is less sensation in the penis and less signalling to it from the brain, making it more difficult to get and maintain an erection. Damage to the blood vessels will also prevent erectile tissue from filling with blood. This is why diabetes and erectile dysfunction are closely linked. What other factors play a part in erectile dysfunction? It may be that medications taken for diabetes, high blood pressure or for other conditions can be the cause. Drinking too much and smoking can also cause the problem. Psychological and emotional factors such as anxiety depression and stress are also important. What you can do to overcome erectile dysfunction Talk to your doctor. Because erectile dysfunction is a common diabetes-related problem, your doctor won’t be surprised when you mention the topic. The doctor can check if there are significant problems with the arteries or the nervous system as occasionally these aspects might need special attention in their own right. Control your blood sugar. If blood glucose levels are kept in the normal range, it will help reduce the chance of this problem occurring. Avoid tobacco. If you smoke-STOP! Smoking can cause blood vessels to narrow, contributing to blockages that can lead to erectile dysfunction. Smoking can also decrease nitric oxide levels, (which controls the circulation of blood, and transmits messages between nerve cells. As a result deficiency includes the inability to achieve and sustain normal erections). Avoid excessive alcohol. As a rule of thumb men should restrict their intake to no more than two alcoholic drinks a day. Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol can cause erectile dysfunction by damaging blood vessels. Maintaining normal blood pressure is important. In addition to smoking, and drinking excess alcohol please note that diabetics who control their condition reduce the risk of hypertension. I have 12 more strategies: Watch your weight: In over weight people, a 10 percent reduction in total body weight will sometimes normalize blood pressure. Compute your Body Mass Index: Multiply your weight in pounds by 703; then divide by your height in inches; then again divide by your height in inches. Try to stay between 18.5 and 24.9. Regular exercise minimizes the chance of developing impotence and can restore sexual function in some men. In general, if you haven’t been exercising, try to work up to 30 minutes, 4 to 6 times a week. Please bear in mind the importance of eating more carbohydrates before exercise. Exercise produces an insulin-like effect in the body. Your doctor may make a different recommendation based on your health. If you can’t carry on a conversation while you exercise, you may be overdoing it. So in this case it is best to alternate exercise days with rest days to prevent injuries. Beware of salt: No more than 6grams per day, many processed foods are sodium rich including soy sauce and canned soups. Choose Potassium rich foods instead: Beware of Sodas, which deplete potassium. Top Potassium Foods Potassium rich foods include:- * Lentils 730mg 1 cup Banana 450mg medium * Kidney beans 700mg 1 cup Avocado 550mg half * Prune juice 700mg 8oz Carrot (raw) 232mg medium * Tomato juice 652mg 6oz Milk 381mg 8oz * Chick peas 470mg 1 cup Orange juice 474mg 8oz Check your blood for cholesterol and triglyceride levels. I recommend you obtain an excellent eBook at www.beatingcholesterol.com Eat plenty of high fiber foods which are found in many vegetables and whole grains. Reject refined foods: Natural wholefoods are the best – Not processed. Avoid fried foods, saturated/hydrogenated fats and avoid hidden fats, especially trans fats which are a greater risk than even saturated fats- check the food labels. Importance of vitamin C: Make sure you have adequate amounts of this vital vitamin as it has been shown that the less vitamin C in the blood, the higher the blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Suggested dose with bioflavonoids such as Bilberry 3,000-6,000 mg daily, in divided doses. Vitamin E: Evidence suggests that vitamin E also magnifies vitamin C’s blood pressure-lowering effects. Start with 100 IU daily and add 100 IU daily each month, until you reach 400 IU daily. As much as possible avoid stress: Always ensure some “Me Time”, a great way to achieve this is putting 5 drops each of lemon balm and lavender essential oils in warm bath water. Be sure to get sufficient sleep: High blood pressure patients deprived of sleep experience significant increases in blood pressure, especially during the evening. Consult a urologist. They can help assess your condition, determine its cause, and identify safe and effective treatments. Fortunately the treatment of erectile dysfunction in diabetes has improved considerably over the last decade. In addition to a number of devices, some men with diabetes can get relief for their sexual problems from medications such as sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), or vardenafil (Levitra). However, I have collected data, that many people who were utilising Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra reported that sometimes these drugs do not work at all. I believe that when your system is low in testosterone, (the male hormone), Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra do not seem to impart their full-proof effect. I have discovered two herbs that mimic the action of Viagra together with two traditional herbal testosterone boosters. I then completed the formula with additional herbs to increase circulation and act as an aphrodisiac. Properties of Herbs Responsible for assisting ED from my research and formulation. Maca-Increases desire, promotes mental alertness and a positive frame of mind Horny Goat Weed-The extract has now been clinically tested and found not only to increase the sexual desire but also helps in the reversal of impotency symptoms Muira Puama-Dr Jacques Wayneburg: According to a clinical study with 262 patients at the institute of sexology, Paris France. 262 patients complaining of lack of sexual desire and the inability to maintain an erection were used as subjects in a clinical trial for 4 weeks. 62% of patients claimed that the treatment with Muira Puama had a dynamic effect while 51% with ED felt great benefit. TribulusTerrestris-Studies have shown that treatment with this herb has led to a better than 50% increase in testosterone levels by increasing the luteinizing hormone. Tongkat Ali-It is now clinically tested in university Sains Malaysia, in the Department of Pharmacology and it is known to boost the testosterone levels by 400 times in men of all ages. Viagra like Action. Xanthoparmelia Scabrosa-Principal activity of this herb is to inhibit PDE5 enzyme so that you can maintain erection longer. Cnidium Monnieri-It is mainly used as a natural libido booster. The seeds are also used in the treatment of impotence, it has been shown to have an action similar to the sex hormones, prolonging and reviving the copulation period. Ginkgo Biloba-At the Seoul national university medical school in Korea, promising research is being undertaken on Ginkgo Biloba's affect on smooth muscle relaxation on the human corpus cavernosum. This is the tissue area of the penis which when relaxed blocks the flow of blood away from the penis, thus maintaining an erection. Finally, please remember that you are as unique as your fingerprint, so what works for one person may not work for another. Having said that, I really believe there is hope for anyone suffering from diabetic impotence, it is just a question of exploring the many options and taking responsibility for this condition. cheapest penis enlargement pills buy penis enlargment pills penis enlarement before and after photo surgical penis enlargement penis enhancement patch pro solution pills side effects natural penis enargement pills herbal natural penis enargement

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If your man is experiencing erectile dysfunction, there are various pills that have recently been introduced to help, but they're generally expensive and available only through a doctor's prescription. However, there are other means of dealing with male sexual problems, and in this article, we're going to talk about some natural supplements that can help enhance male sexuality, assuming that your man is physically healthy enough to engage in sexual activity and isn't suffering from a mental problem that would cause him to be impotent. First, let's look at the factors involved in achieving an erection. When a man becomes sexually aroused, nitric oxide is released into his blood stream, which causes the blood vessels in his penis to fill with blood and dilate. In order to stimulate that process, there are various natural impotence aids that contain substances that contain nitrogen molecules that can help a man's body produce more nitric oxide and increase blood circulation. Another natural strategy involves reducing a man's stress level so he will be free to concentrate on sexual activity in a more relaxed state. Nature's Viagra One of the most popular supplements is L-Arginine, which is sometimes referred to as "nature's Viagra." L-Arginine is an amino acid that has been shown to boost the immune system, but it also helps increase the amount of nitric oxide in the body. L-Arginine can be found naturally in chocolate, wheat germ, granola, oatmeal, and dairy products (such as cottage cheese, ricotta, nonfat dry milk, and skim yogurt), but you can also buy it in pill form. Helped 70% of Men Ginkgo biloba is another supplement that can help with erectile dysfunction, and the ginkgo is actually the oldest living tree species on Earth, dating back nearly 200 million years. It's been used in clinical studies to postpone the onset of Alzheimer's disease, but it has many other uses, including increasing blood circulation throughout the body, which can be of significant help if a man's impotence is due to decreased blood flow to the penis. In fact, a recent study showed that some 70% of the men tested found some relief from erectile dysfunction when given ginkgo biloba. China 's Cure For many centuries, ginseng has been referred to as the "male remedy" in China, and there has been experimental evidence over the past several decades to show that ginseng may indeed improve a man's vitality and sexual desire. It's believed that ginseng has the ability to improve a person's capacity for both mental and physical activity by reducing the levels of cortisol and adrenaline, both of which are involved in causing stress in the human body. Natural Supplements There are a number of other promising natural supplements that are worth looking into, as well, including vitamin E, L-Tyrosine, selenium, zinc, magnesium, and niacin. If the man you love is having sexual difficulty, it would be well worth your while to begin researching your options and then experimenting with various natural remedies for his problem. Of course, that's AFTER he'd seen his doctor to make certain there isn't a serious medical condition that's causing his erectile dysfunction. do penile enlargement pills really work natural pennis enlargement exercise penis enlagement photo buy penis enlarement pills real penile enlargment truth about penile enlargment cheapest penis enlargement pills penis enhancement tool medical penis enlargement

Hypertension (high blood pressure) affects about 50 million individuals in the United States. Of these, about 70% are aware of their diagnosis, but only about a half of those are receiving treatment and only 25% are under control using 140/90 as the cutoff guideline. A new category has been designated as “pre-hypertension” and that is when the blood pressure is 120-139 systolic over a diastolic of 80-89. Blood pressure readings vary greatly in individuals depending on the time of day, where the patient is at when they get it checked, how soon they have eaten, smoked, or even drank a cup of coffee. A diagnosis of hypertension should not be based on one reading unless that reading is extremely high and/or there is evidence of end organ damage such as renal (kidney) or heart involvement. The diagnosis of hypertension should be made only after two or more readings on two or more office visits. The frightening thing about hypertension is that it usually does not cause any symptoms. Unless you are getting your blood pressure regularly checked, you could be walking around for years with elevated blood pressure and not know it. That is why it is referred to as the silent killer. If you are being diagnosed with hypertension for the first time, there are certain tests that your doctor should order. Blood tests including a complete blood count, fasting lipids (cholesterol), fasting blood sugar, renal (kidney) functions, liver functions, and electrolytes (potassium, sodium levels), along with a urinalysis should be checked. You should also have a chest xray to check for enlargement of your heart which can occur over time with hypertension, and an electrocardiogram to check for any cardiac (heart) abnormalities. Treatment of hypertension is multi-faceted. Lifestyle modification should include smoking cessation, daily exercise implementation, dietary changes, alcohol moderation, and sodium restriction. One should consume a diet with plenty of vegetables, fruit, and low dietary fat. Exercise should consist of daily brisk exercise such as walking at least 30 minutes per day most days of the week. A 10% weight loss can make a significant difference in blood pressure readings. Alcohol consumption should be limited to no more than two drinks per day (24 oz. of beer, 10 ounces of wine, or 3 oz. of “hard” liquor such as gin, whiskey, or vodka). You should also reduce salt intake to no more than 2.4 grams of sodium per day. I tell my patients not to add any salt to any foods and restrict high sodium items. If your blood pressure is not extremely elevated, say in the 145/95 range, and you are determined to make substantial lifestyle changes, then perhaps you can bring your blood pressure down to normal range with these measures. I always give my patients in these situations the option to try lifestyle modifications first if they wish as long as their blood pressure is not seriously high. Most patients, however, end up having to take a medication for their hypertension. There are a wide variety of medications available that we can prescribe and the majority of patients require more than one type of medication to reach a desired blood pressure goal. Discuss with your physician the side effects of each and what would be the most suitable medication for you. Medications have come a long way for treating blood pressure in the past twenty years and the side effect profiles are much more favorable than they used to be overall. I have found that a good portion of my patients have an aversion to taking a pill everyday for the rest of their lives. But what I tell them is that they ought to look at it like a vitamin, or better yet, an insurance policy. If it prevents you from having a heart attack or stroke and from either premature death or perhaps becoming confined to a wheel chair and not being able to take care of yourself, then taking a daily pill or two should not even be an issue. Don’t be afraid to talk to your doctor about treatment and asking about the tests I have discussed. Most importantly, please get into your physician at least once a year to get your blood pressure taken, and more often if it has been on the high end of normal. Copyright 2006 Ted Crawford natural pnis enlargement pills penis enlargement pills pro solution penis enargement video penis enhancement information cheapest penile enlargement pills enlagement manhattan penis surgeon vimax patch penis enlagement forum medical penis enlargement

Alcohol and High Blood Pressure - wow, this is a good one (he says putting down his pint – only joking). Consuming Alcohol and High Blood Pressure as an issue is a real conundrum. One the one had, the odd wee drink now and then (he says picking his pint glass up again) is actually quite beneficial and can act as an aid and part treatment for cardiovascular purposes but it is like everything, taken to excess, therein lies the downfall. The relationship between Alcohol and High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) has been recognised for nearly a century and especially the link between Hypertension and the excessive consumption of alcohol i.e. more than just the correct recommended intake of a few units (14 for women and 21 for men) a week. There have been several scientific studies over the last 100 years that have confirmed that Alcoholism is ONE of several causes of Hypertension. Originally it was suggested that alcoholism was a cause of hypertension irrespective of a whole range of other associated socio economic factors such as economic status, your age, race, weight, serum cholesterol levels or even tobacco use If you drink excessively, your blood pressure will rise. Hmmnnn…... It is quite a sobering experience when you look at it like that doesn’t it? The Pro’s and Con’s of drinking are not for this article and it is not for me to make valued pronouncements about the virtues of abstinence from alcohol but the simple fact is inescapable. Alcohol is a drug. It affects the way you feel and affects every system in your body. When you know the facts and effects of alcohol, then you will be in a position to decide what is best in the long term for you. In a nutshell the principle behind the relationship between alcoholism and High Blood Pressure lies in the following basic premise. When Alcohol is present in the blood stream it covers the blood vessels and artery walls thereby increasing their tension and thereby increasing the blood pressure. This is the basic version and there are more complex definitions and explanations in existence but these are for the Medical Textbooks! As in all things moderation appears to be the key and this arises (apart from common sense) largely from a report in 1994 in The Journal of the American Medical Association which published an editorial that suggested that if the entire population of the United States stopped drinking it estimated that there could be up to an additional 81,000 deaths due to Heart Disease each year. OK, sounds interesting, and the article went on to ascertain that abstaining from alcohol may be no better than drinking in moderation. At the same time over in Europe, researchers in Denmark were putting the final touches to a study that analysed the drinking habits of thirteen thousand people over the period of a decade. To everyone’s amazement the study found that those who downed three to five glasses of wine daily had roughly half the risk of teetotallers dying. At this point enter the Harvard School of Public Health who stated that their research had shown that the benefits of alcohol consumption (i.e. the enlargement of the blood vessels) disappear after as little as two drinks. It would appear that the generally accepted consensus is that moderation in drinking rules. Consuming one or two drinks a day helps prevent heart attacks and stroke it would seem. The really sad thing about all of this is that most Medical Professionals will tell you that the abuse of alcohol is one of the fasted growing areas of treatment within today’s Healthcare system. Not only that but the fastest growing section of the population found to be most at risk from the effects of this abuse of alcohol are now under the age of thirty and sadly an alarmingly large percentage of these sufferers are female. Shame they never told us about that at school. Or perhaps they did, but we were just too young and stupid to listen. penis enlagement secret penile enlargement result penis enlargement product magna rx results review vimax penis enlargement surgeon penis enlargement photo cheap penis enhancement semenax vigrx medical penis enlargement

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide are the primary functions of the respiratory system. The respiratory system carries out these life-sustaining acts in close coordination with the circulatory system. Most of the time, we remain blissfully unaware of these automatic functions. The respiratory organs deliver oxygen to the circulatory system. The circulatory system transports the oxygen to all body cells. Oxygen is used by cells to liberate the energy needed for cellular activities. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide. Thus, the circulatory system prevents the buildup of this lethal waste byproduct in the body tissues. Irreversible damage to tissues can occur if the respiratory system is halted even for a few minutes. This can cause failure of all the other body systems. The consequence is death! NOSE COMMENCES THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS The respiratory system begins from the nose. It ends in the lungs. The respiratory system is broadly divided into two parts, viz., the upper and the lower respiratory tracts. The upper respirator tract is made up of the nose and the throat (pharynx). The lower respiratory tract includes five organs. They are the voice box (larynx), and the windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles and the lungs. The trachea splits into the two branches called bronchi. The bronchi further gets divided into further smaller branches called bronchioles. The lungs are a pair of spongy saclike organs. The bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx and the nose transport air to and from the lungs. It is the lungs that interact with the circulatory system for delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the lungs. THE RESPIRATION PROCESS Respiration is a two-pronged process. It involves the respiratory and the circulatory systems. Respiration connotes the coordinated functioning whereby the cells are delivered oxygen and the lethal carbon dioxide is removed. The first phase: The nose begins the first phase of respiration. This is done with inhaling or inhalation (breathing in). The process brings in air along with oxygen from outside the body into the lungs. From the lungs, oxygen goes via the blood vessels to the heart. The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. The first phase of respiration ends with the oxygen moving into the cells from the bloodstream. The second phase: The second phase commences after the oxygen gets into the cells. The cells use the oxygen to produce energy. This independent process is called cellular respiration. It produces the byproduct -- carbon dioxide. The accumulated carbon dioxide now moves from the cells to the bloodstream. Next, the bloodstream transports the carbon dioxide to the heart. Then, the carbon dioxide-laden blood is pumped back to the lungs. The third phase: Again the nose comes into picture during this stage. The lungs push the byproduct to the nose from where it is exhaled or breathed out. This is the final or the third stage when the body gets rid of the carbon dioxide. At the end of the third stage or the entire respiratory cycle another one starts automatically. OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system further regulates the balance of acid and base in tissues. This balancing act is crucial for the normal functioning of cells. It protects the body against disease-causing organisms and toxic substances inhaled with air. The respiratory system also houses the cells that detect smell. Moreover, the respiratory system assists in the production of sounds for speech. THE OLFACTORY NERVE The brownish olfactory nerve is also called olfactory receptors. The olfactory nerve inside the nose is the main nerve of smell. The olfactory region is made up of thick nasal soft mucous membrane. Its brownish color is because of a pigment. The olfactory nerve ends in minute varicose fibers (several small branches). These fibers ultimately conclude in the epithelial cells. Mentionably, the epithelial cells project into the nasal free surface. The olfactory nerve is the first to know of any chemicals that may enter the nasal passages. The receptors immediately trigger off a signal to the brain. This creates the smell perception. THE ESOPHAGUS Esophagus is a muscular tube. The esophagus carries food from the throat to the stomach. The esophagus and the pharynx situated behind the mouth swallow the food and move it to the stomach. The stomach temporarily stores the food, mixes it with digestive juices, and carries out some digestion. The esophagus also holds the stomach contents in place. Actually, this function is carried out by the lower esophageal sphincter. This sphincter is a muscle. It is located at the lower end of the esophagus. THE PHARYNX The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food. The pharynx connects the nose and mouth with the windpipe (trachea) and the food pipe (esophagus). The pharynx is a muscular tube. The pharynx is located within the neck. The pharynx is lined with a mucous membrane. The pharynx is approximately five inches (13 cm) in length. The pharynx lies in the front of the spinal column. The upper portion of the pharynx is known as nasopharynx. The name arises as it begins in the back of the nasal cavity.. The lower part is oropharynx. It points to that area in the back of the mouth. The pharynx ends at the epiglottis. Epiglottis is a flap of cartilage. Epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea. However, the epiglottis allows the food to enter the esophagus. Two eustachian tubes connect the pharynx to the middle ear. These eustachian equalizes the eardrums air pressure. The pharynx can be infected via the mouth as well as the nose. Sore throat involves pharynx infection (pharyngitis) or throat inflammation. Pharyngitis can be due to infectious mononucleosis, herpes, and viral infections. The viral infections are German measles (rubella), influenza, and common cold. It can also be caused by bacteria like staphylococcal, streptococcal, chlamydial, and diphtherial. These bacteria multiply cause sore throat by multiplying rapidly within the pharynx. Tonsils and Adenoids Among the adults the pharynx contains the tonsils, while among the children the pharynx contains the adenoids. Tonsils: Tonsils are lymphoid tissues at the back of the throat. Tonsils form a tissue ring around the pharynx or the throat. Tonsils are cells. Tonsils are similar to the bloodstream lymphocytes. Tonsils are embedded in fibrous connective tissues. Tonsils are covered by a single epithelium layer. The lymphoid cells are phagocytic. The cells protect the pharynx from bacteria that can cause diseases. Tonsils may become inflamed and chronically or acutely infected. This condition is called tonsillitis. It is generally caused by streptococcus infection. During tonsillitis and streptococcal, the tissues surrounding the tonsils form pus. Then a whitish coat forms over the tonsils which can appear as white specks. This state is called quinsy. When the pharyngeal tonsils become inflamed they become abnormally large. They are called adenoids. Acute cases of tonsillitis are often treated by antibiotics like penicillin. Chronic recurrent tonsillitis may be treated by tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils). Adenoids: Adenoids are lymphoid tissue at the back of the throat. Adenoids usually shrink and disappear by adolescence. Enlargement of this tissue is common among children. Such a state can interfere with breathing. Symptoms of enlarged adenoids include restless sleep, snoring, breathing via mouth, and a nasal voice. Earlier, these tissues were removed in children. It was thought that inflamed adenoids led to recurrent colds and infections. Nowadays, this condition is recognized as benign. As a result, there are lesser adenoidectomies. THE LARYNX From the pharynx, the inhaled air moves to the larynx. The larynx is about five inches (13 cm) in length. The larynx is located in the central part of the neck. The larynx is made up of several layers of flexible but tough cartilage, a tissue. Mentionably, during puberty the males experience a protrusion of the cartilage. This enlarged prominent extension at the neck is called the Adam’s apple. FUNCTIONS OF THE LARYNX The larynx primarily transports air to the wind pipe (trachea). Besides, the larynx also helps in producing the sounds. The epiglottis -- a leaflike thin tissue portion of the larynx -- further prevents the food from entering the trachea (thus obviating the possibility of choking). Moreover, the cilia cells as well as the mucous membrane of the larynx also filter air. The cilia cells take the airborne substances towards the pharynx where they are swallowed. The epiglottis: The epiglottis stem is attached to the top and the front portions of the larynx. When the epiglottis remains in a vertical position, it acts like a trap door. This happens during the breathing process. But as a person starts swallowing, a reflexive action forces the epiglottis and the larynx to move near each other toward each other. This coming closer of the epiglottis and the larynx forms a protective seal. As a result, the fluids and food are specifically sent towards the food pipe (esophagus). When the reflexive action doesn’t work: What happens when the reflexive action doesn’t function is that the food can enter the larynx. This happens when one eats the meal fats or when one laughs while swallowing. The result is that there will be a recurrent cough impelled choking effect. At times this apparently simple choking effect can even be life-threatening. The cough is the body’s reflexive action to clear the larynx of the impediment. Whenever such choking takes place, someone must thump the back portion between the shoulder blades several times. This will help the person to get over the choking effect. The Heimlich maneuver: The Heimlich maneuver clears the windpipe of obstructions like food or fluid. The first-aid providing person applies thrusts in quick and in upward motion at the patient’s abdomen. The objective is to expel the object stuck at the trachea (windpipe). Standing behind the victim, the person keeps both his arms across the patient’s waist. Then, he places the fist of one hand below the rib cage and a bit above the navel. All the while, he keeps the thumb against the patient’s body. He uses the other hand for holding the fist and for applying pressure. Next, he puts quick pressure on the abdomen. The pressure is put in an inward and an upward motion. This fast recurrent action forces the lung air to get rid of the substance blocking the windpipe. However, in cases where the patient cannot stand still, is overweight, faints following the choking effect, the Heimlich maneuver is done in a different manner. The patient is made to lie face down. The first-aid provider carries on the process with the heel of a hand. Important: Nonetheless, it is important that the person does not put undue pressure on the rib cage. This is especially true when the patient is a child or an elderly person. Too much pressure can break ribs. Pertaining to pregnant woman or overweight people, the first-aid provider must place his hands only on the lower half of the breastbone (sternum) while carrying out the maneuver. In acute choking, tracheotomy (a surgical procedure) is undertaken to carry out bypass of the larynx. This operation brings in air to the trachea. TRACHEA, BRONCHI, AND BRONCHIOLES The trachea is another tube measuring approximately six inches (15 cm). The trachea is located below the larynx. From the larynx the air passes on to the trachea. About 20 sturdy C-shaped cartilage rings constitute the trachea. These rings help to keep the trachea open. In the process, air gets transported unhindered. While the unfastened cartilage is located at the trachea’s back portion, their ends are linked to each other by muscle tissues. Bronchi & bronchioles: The trachea base is situated at the portion where the neck meets the body trunk. At this juncture, the trachea splits into the right and the left bronchi. These bronchi transport air to the right and left lungs respectively. Inside the lungs, these bronchi again break up into smaller tubes -- the bronchioles. In fact, the respiratory system’s cleansing process is carried out by those bronchioles that are situated at the initial part, bronchi, and the trachea. These organs carry out the cleansing process via the mucous membrane linings as well as the ciliated cells. These cilia and the lining push the mucus upward towards the pharynx. Alveoli & capillaries: Alveoli are minute sacs inside the lungs. Most of the alveoli are lung tissues. Alveoli are formed by the bronchioles as they divide several times. The alveoli along with the bronchioles resemble a tree. The alveoli are only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) in diameter. There are about 150 million alveoli in each lung. The alveoli carry out a dual function. While providing oxygen to the circulatory system, they also remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. The thin elastic alveoli walls expand when air moves into them. The walls collapse to exhale the air. The alveoli remain in clusters like the grapes. Each cluster is surrounded by capillaries. The capillaries are thin-walled and form a dense net of tiny hairs. The alveoli wall air is generally located 0.2 microns away from the blood carried by the capillary. Mentionably, the alveoli have more oxygen concentration then the capillaries. So, oxygen disseminates to capillaries from alveoli. Through the capillaries, oxygen goes to the larger vessels. These vessels then transport the oxygenated blood to the heart. Next, the heart pumps the cleaned blood to the other parts of the body. Macrophages: Among the alveoli are interspersed many macrophages. The macrophages are blood cells. These large white cells act as the last sentinels of the respiratory system among the alveoli. The macrophages segregate the foreign elements which may have passed through the earlier filtration process. This last line of defense ensures that the alveoli are not infected. Carbon dioxide disposal: The cells from across the body dump Carbon dioxide as a waste product. It is dumped in the bloodstream. The blood carries Carbon dioxide into the heart. From the heart, the Carbon dioxide moves to the alveolar capillaries. Notably, the capillaries have more concentration of carbon dioxide than the alveoli. So, carbon dioxide gets diffused into the alveoli from the capillaries. When a person exhales, the Carbon dioxide is forced back via the respiratory routes. The gas is then thrown outside the body.